Q: Have there been any recent changes to the cartel regime? If so, have they had a significant impact on enforcement activity? A: The most significant recent change is the criminalisation of hardcore cartel conduct as of May 1 2016. Directors and managers now face fines of up to R500,000 and up to 10 year’s…

Azza Kamel Maghur Nearly two years ago, representatives from Libya’s rival factions met in Skhirat, Morocco, and signed on 17 December 2015 a UN-brokered agreement to form a national unity government. This agreement was welcomed by the international community, but was long jeopardized by internal disputes, in particular over Article 8 of the ‘additional provisions’.…

Ghassan Salamé, Head of the UN Support Mission for Libya (UNSMIL) is preparing an amendment to the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA), the internationally-backed roadmap for creating a unified Libyan government., My hope is that this article will help draw the U.N.s attention towards critical legal issues surrounding this process. The House of Representatives: The Libyan…

Pieter Steyn Pieter Steyn is Chairman of LEX Africa and Director of Werksmans Attorneys in South Africa. He is Co-Chair of the International Bar Association’s Antitrust Committee, and a member of the Competition Law Committee of the Law Society of the Northern Provinces. He is a specialist in South African corporate and competition law, corporate…

In recent years, the global community has tackled some of the world’s biggest development challenges. Significant progress has been made in identifying policy priorities and in agreeing to some specific approaches. Consider the following developments: In 2015 leaders from nearly 200 countries adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which outlined a set of global…

Any debate regarding the role of infrastructure development in driving economic growth is now settled. Policymakers from across the political spectrum accept that, when done properly, it will provide a short term economic stimulus and drive growth in the long term. The McKinsey Global Institute recently estimated the rate of return at around 20 cents…

The comparative resilience of Islamic banks during the 2008 financial crisis sparked a renewed global interest in Islamic finance. Since then, African governments, especially those with large Muslim populations, have introduced significant new legislation aimed at promoting Islamic finance.  In the wake of the Arab Spring, Tunisia and Egypt have witnessed a rise in such…

AR3:  What are bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and how wide-spread is the use of such treaties internationally and among African countries? GKIII: BITs are treaties for the protection of foreign investment. There are now around 3,500 BITs (and multilateral investment treaties) in the world, the vast majority of which were entered into in the last…